Preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C). Generously grease a 10-inch Bundt pan with butter or baking spray. Lightly dust with flour, tapping out the excess.
In a medium bowl, whisk together the flour, baking powder, baking soda, and salt. Set aside.
In a large bowl, beat the butter and sugar with an electric mixer on medium speed until light and fluffy (about 3-5 minutes).
Add the eggs, one at a time, mixing well after each addition. Scrape down the sides of the bowl as needed.
Mix in the lemon zest, lemon juice, and vanilla extract.
Alternate adding the dry ingredients and buttermilk to the butter mixture:
Add 1/3 of the flour mixture, mix gently.
Add 1/2 of the buttermilk, mix gently.
Repeat, ending with the final 1/3 of the flour mixture. Stir just until combined—do not overmix.
Toss the blueberries with 1 tablespoon of flour to prevent them from sinking. Gently fold them into the batter.
Pour the batter into the prepared Bundt pan and smooth the top.